Subsonic polymeric ammunition

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a subsonic ammunition comprising: a primer insert comprises a top surface opposite a bottom surface, a substantially cylindrical coupling element extending away from the bottom surface forming, a primer recess in the top surface that extends toward the bottom surface, a primer flash aperture positioned in the primer recess to extend through the bottom surface, a flash aperture groove in the primer recess that extends circumferentially about the primer flash aperture, and a flange that extends circumferentially about an outer edge of the top surface; a polymeric casing body comprising a generally cylindrical hollow polymer body molded over the substantially cylindrical coupling element, into the primer flash aperture and into the flash aperture groove and extending toward a mid-body coupling joint; a nose comprising a projectile aperture that extends to a neck connected to a shoulder that transitions from the projectile aperture to a nose coupler, wherein the nose coupler is connected to the mid-body coupling joint; a propellant chamber formed between the projectile aperture and the primer flash aperture; a propellant insert positioned in the propellant chamber to reduce the internal volume of the propellant chamber by at least 10%, wherein the propellant insert comprises a first passage comprising a first aperture having a first diameter about the diameter of the flash hole that transitions as an arc to a second passage that has a second diameter about the size of the projectile aperture, wherein the first diameter has a uniformed diameter that extends to the second diameter; a primer fitted in the primer pocket; a propellant disposed in the propellant chamber; and a projectile positioned in the projectile aperture.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional Application of and claims prioritybased on U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/863,644, filed Sep. 24,2015, which is a Continuation-in-Part Application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/011,202, filed Aug. 27, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No.9,546,849, which is a Divisional Application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/292,843, filed Nov. 9, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,561,543,which claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.61/456,664, now expired, the contents of which are incorporated byreference herein in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to ammunition articles, and moreparticularly to subsonic ammunition casings having a propellant insertformed from polymeric materials.

STATEMENT OF FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH

Not applicable.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIALS FILED ON COMPACT DISC

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is describedin connection with lightweight polymer subsonic ammunition casing andmore specifically to a lightweight polymer subsonic ammunition casinghaving a propellant insert positioned in the propellant chamber toreduce the internal volume of the propellant chamber.

Generally, there are two types of ammunition: supersonic ammunition,which fires projectiles with velocities exceeding the speed of sound;and subsonic ammunition, which fires projectiles with velocities lessthan that of the speed of sound and generally in the range of1,000-1,100 feet per second (fps), most commonly given at 1,086 fps atstandard atmospheric conditions. Traditional methods of making subsonicammunition reduce the propellant charge (and in turn increasing theempty volume left vacant by the reduced propellant charge) in the shelluntil the velocity is adequately reduced.

Unfortunately, this empty volume can cause numerous problems includinginhibition of proper propellant burn, inconsistent propellantpositioning, reduced accuracy and propellant detonation caused byextremely high propellant burn rates. For example, since the propellantis free to move in the large empty volume, shooting downward with thepropellant charge away from the primer gives different velocity resultsthan when shooting upwards with the propellant charge close to theprimer. Finally, usage of subsonic ammunition, and its attending lowercombustion pressures, frequently results in the inability to efficientlycycle semi-automatic or fully automatic weapons where the propellantcharge must produce sufficient gas pressure and/or volume to acceleratethe projectile and to cycle the firing mechanism. With a reducedquantity of propellant, subsonic ammunition generally fails to producesufficient pressure to properly cycle the firing mechanism. The art hasprovided numerous attempts to cure these problems, e.g., theintroduction of inert fillers, expandable inner sleeves that occupy theempty space between the propellant and the projectile, insertion offlexible tubing, foamed inserts, stepped down stages in the dischargeend of cartridge casings, or complicated three and more componentcartridges with rupturable walls and other complicated features. Anotherapproach has been to use standard cartridges in combination withnon-standard propellants. However, the result of such prior attempts tosolve the production of reliable subsonic cartridges have failed and letto subsonic rounds that have a larger variation in velocity and variancein accuracy potential.

In addition the use of polymer ammunition results in additionaldrawbacks, e.g., the possibility of the projectile being pushed into thecartridge casing, the bullet pull being too light such that the bulletcan fall out, the bullet pull being too insufficient to createsufficient chamber pressure, the bullet pull not being uniform fromround to round, and portions of the cartridge casing breaking off uponfiring causing the weapon to jam or damage or danger when subsequentrounds are fired or when the casing portions themselves becomeprojectiles. Accordingly, a need exists to develop solutions that makeit possible to manufacture better and more price competitive subsonicammunition than previously available.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a subsonic ammunition comprising: aprimer insert comprises a top surface opposite a bottom surface, asubstantially cylindrical coupling element extending away from thebottom surface forming, a primer recess in the top surface that extendstoward the bottom surface, a primer flash aperture positioned in theprimer recess to extend through the bottom surface, a flash aperturegroove in the primer recess that extends circumferentially about theprimer flash aperture, and a flange that extends circumferentially aboutan outer edge of the top surface; a polymeric casing body comprising agenerally cylindrical hollow polymer body molded over the substantiallycylindrical coupling element, into the primer flash aperture and intothe flash aperture groove and extending toward a mid-body couplingjoint; a nose comprising a projectile aperture that extends to a neckconnected to a shoulder that transitions from the projectile aperture toa nose coupler, wherein the nose coupler is connected to the mid-bodycoupling joint; a propellant chamber formed between the projectileaperture and the primer flash aperture; a propellant insert positionedin the propellant chamber to reduce the internal volume of thepropellant chamber by at least 10%, wherein the propellant insertcomprises a first passage comprising a first aperture having a firstdiameter about the diameter of the flash hole that transitions as an arcto a second passage that has a second diameter about the size of theprojectile aperture, wherein the first diameter has a uniformed diameterthat extends to the second diameter; a primer fitted in the primerpocket; a propellant disposed in the propellant chamber; and aprojectile positioned in the projectile aperture.

In one embodiment, the internal volume that is about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 25.4,25.5, 25.6, 25.7, 25.8, 25.9, 26.0, 26.25, 26.5, 26.75, 27, 27.5, 28,29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80% orincremental variations thereof less than the open internal volume of astandard casing of equivalent caliber. In one embodiment, the internalvolume does not contain enough of a propellant for a projectile toexceed the velocity of 1200 feet per second at sea level under standardatmospheric conditions when fired. In one embodiment, the internalvolume does not contain enough of a propellant for a projectile toexceed the velocity of 1086 feet per second at standard atmosphericconditions when fired. In one embodiment, the polymer body comprises amaterial selected from the group consisting of polybutyleneterephthalate (PBT), polyphenylsulfone, polycarbonate, and polyamide. Inone embodiment, the polymeric casing body comprises a polymers selectedfrom the group consisting of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT),polyurethane prepolymer, cellulose, fluoro-polymer, ethyleneinter-polymer alloy elastomer, ethylene vinyl acetate, nylon, polyetherimide, polyester elastomer, polyester sulfone, polyphenyl amide,polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or thermoset polyurea elastomer,acrylics, homopolymers, acetates, copolymers,acrylonitrile-butadinen-styrene, thermoplastic fluoro polymers,ionomers, polyamides, polyamide-imides, polyacrylates, polyatherketones,polyaryl-sulfones, polybenzimidazoles, polycarbonates, polybutylene,terephthalates, polyether imides, polyether sulfones, thermoplasticpolyimides, thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyphenylene sulfides,polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfones, polyvinylchlorides, styreneacrylonitriles, polystyrenes, polyphenylene, ether blends, styrenemaleic anhydrides, polycarbonates, allyls, aminos, cyanates, epoxies,phenolics, unsaturated polyesters, bismaleimides, polyurethanes,silicones, vinylesters, urethane hybrids, polyphenylsulfones, copolymersof polyphenylsulfones with polyethersulfones or polysulfones, copolymersof poly-phenylsulfones with siloxanes, blends of polyphenylsulfones withpolysiloxanes, poly(etherimide-siloxane) copolymers, blends ofpolyetherimides and polysiloxanes, and blends of polyetherimides andpoly(etherimide-siloxane) copolymers. In one embodiment, the propellantinsert comprises a polymers selected from the group consisting ofpolybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyurethane prepolymer, cellulose,fluoro-polymer, ethylene inter-polymer alloy elastomer, ethylene vinylacetate, nylon, polyether imide, polyester elastomer, polyester sulfone,polyphenyl amide, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or thermosetpolyurea elastomer, acrylics, homopolymers, acetates, copolymers,acrylonitrile-butadinen-styrene, thermoplastic fluoro polymers,ionomers, polyamides, polyamide-imides, polyacrylates, polyatherketones,polyaryl-sulfones, polybenzimidazoles, polycarbonates, polybutylene,terephthalates, polyether imides, polyether sulfones, thermoplasticpolyimides, thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyphenylene sulfides,polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfones, polyvinylchlorides, styreneacrylonitriles, polystyrenes, polyphenylene, ether blends, styrenemaleic anhydrides, polycarbonates, allyls, aminos, cyanates, epoxies,phenolics, unsaturated polyesters, bismaleimides, polyurethanes,silicones, vinylesters, urethane hybrids, polyphenylsulfones, copolymersof polyphenylsulfones with polyethersulfones or polysulfones, copolymersof poly-phenylsulfones with siloxanes, blends of polyphenylsulfones withpolysiloxanes, poly(etherimide-siloxane) copolymers, blends ofpolyetherimides and polysiloxanes, and blends of polyetherimides andpoly(etherimide-siloxane) copolymers. In one embodiment, the subsonicammunition further comprises at least one additive selected from thegroup consisting of plasticizers, lubricants, molding agents, fillers,thermo-oxidative stabilizers, flame-retardants, coloring agents,compatibilizers, impact modifiers, release agents, reinforcing fibersand reinforcing agents. In one embodiment, the propellant insert has asubstantially cylindrical shape. In one embodiment, the propellantinsert has a free formed shape. In one embodiment, the propellant inserthas a one or more ribs extending into the propellant chamber. In oneembodiment, the propellant insert has a radial cross-section selectedfrom the group consisting of circular, ovoid, octagonal, hexagonal,triangular, star, ribbed, square and a combination thereof. In oneembodiment, the radial cross-section of the propellant chamber isirregular along its longitudinal length. In one embodiment, the radialsize of the propellant chamber tapers along its longitudinal direction.In one embodiment, the polymeric casing body and propellant insert areformed of different polymeric materials. In one embodiment, thepolymeric casing body and propellant insert are formed of the samepolymeric materials. In one embodiment, the propellant chamber is formedof a separate propellant insert disposed within the internal cavity ofthe generally cylindrical hollow polymer body. In one embodiment, thesubsonic ammunition further comprises a diffuser disposed between theprimer and the propellant chamber. In one embodiment, the projectile isa 22, .22-250, .223, .243, .25-06, .270, .300, .30-30, .30-40, 30.06,.300, .303, .308, .338, 5.45 mm, 5.56 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.8 mm, 7 mm, 7.62 mm,12.7 mm, 14.5 mm, or 14.7 mm projectile.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the features and advantages of thepresent invention, reference is now made to the detailed description ofthe invention along with the accompanying figures and in which:

FIG. 1 depicts an exploded view of the polymeric cartridge casing;

FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C depict a cross-sectional view of a polymericcartridge case having a reduced propellant chamber volume according tothe present invention;

FIG. 3 depicts a cross-sectional view of a portion of the polymericcartridge case having a reduced propellant chamber volume according toone embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 4A-4H depict a top view of the polymer casing having a reducedpropellant chamber volume with a substantially cylindrical open-endedmiddle body component;

FIG. 5 depicts a side, cross-sectional view of a portion of thepolymeric cartridge case displaying ribs and a reduced propellantchamber volume according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 depicts a side, cross-sectional view of a portion of thepolymeric cartridge case having a reduced propellant chamber volume anddisplaying ribs according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 depicts a side, cross-sectional view of a polymeric cartridgecase having a reduced propellant chamber volume and a diffuser accordingto one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 depicts a side, cross-sectional view of a portion of thepolymeric cartridge case having a reduced propellant chamber volume anda diffuser according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 9A-9H depict diffuser according to a different embodiment of thepresent invention; and

FIGS. 10A and 10B depict a cross-sectional view of a polymeric cartridgecase having a reduced propellant chamber volume according to oneembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While the making and using of various embodiments of the presentinvention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated thatthe present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts thatcan be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specificembodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways tomake and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of theinvention.

To facilitate the understanding of this invention, a number of terms aredefined below. Terms defined herein have meanings as commonly understoodby a person of ordinary skill in the areas relevant to the presentinvention. Terms such as “a”, “an” and “the” are not intended to referto only a singular entity, but include the general class of which aspecific example may be used for illustration. The terminology herein isused to describe specific embodiments of the invention, but their usagedoes not delimit the invention, except as outlined in the claims.

As used herein, the term “ammunition”, “ammunition article”, “munition”,and “munition article” as used herein may be used interchangeably torefer to a complete, assembled round or cartridge of that is ready to beloaded into a firearm and fired, including cap, casing, propellant,projectile, etc. Ammunition may be a live round fitted with aprojectile, or a blank round with no projectile and may also be othertypes such as non-lethal rounds, rounds containing rubber bullets,rounds containing multiple projectiles (shot), and rounds containingprojectiles other than bullets such as fluid-filled canisters andcapsules. Ammunition may be any caliber of pistol or rifle ammunition,e.g., non limiting examples including .22, .22-250, .223, .243, .25-06,.270, .300, .30-30, .30-40, 30.06, .300, .303, .308, .338, .357, .38,.380, .40, .44, .45, .45-70, .50 BMG, caliber ammunition cartridges, aswell as medium/small caliber ammunition such as including 5.45 mm, 5.56mm, 6.5 mm, 6.8 mm, 7 mm, 7.62 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, 12.7 mm, 14.5 mm,14.7 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm, 57 mm, 60 mm, 75 mm, 76 mm, 81 mm,90 mm, 100 mm, 105 mm, 106 mm, 115 mm, 120 mm, 122 mm, 125 mm, 130 mm,152 mm, 155 mm, 165 mm, 175 mm, 203 mm, 460 mm, 8 inch, 4.2 inch, 45caliber and the like and military style ammunition.

As used herein, the term “subsonic ammunition” refers to ammunition thatejects a projectile at velocities of less than the speed of sound atstandard atmospheric conditions, e.g., generally in the range of1,000-1,100 feet per second (fps) but may range from 900-1,200 feet persecond (fps) depending on the altitude and atmospheric conditions.Specific examples include about 1000 fps, 1010 fps, 1020 fps, 1030 fps,1040 fps, 1050 fps, 1060 fps, 1070 fps, 1080 fps, 1086 fps, 1090 fps,and even 1099 fps.

As used herein, the term “casing” and “case” and “body” are usedinterchangeably (e.g., “cartridge casing”, “cartridge case” and “casingbody”) to refer to the portion of the ammunition that remains intactafter firing and includes the propellant chamber and may include theprimer insert. A cartridge casing may be one-piece, two-piece, threepiece or multi-piece design that includes a mouth at one end and aprimer insert at the other separated by a propellant chamber.

A traditional cartridge casing generally has a deep-drawn elongated bodywith a primer end and a projectile end. During use, a weapon's cartridgechamber supports the majority of the cartridge casing wall in the radialdirection, however, in many weapons, a portion of the cartridge base endis unsupported. During firing, the greatest stresses are concentrated atthe base end of the cartridge, which must have great mechanicalstrength. This is true for both subsonic and supersonic ammunitioncartridges.

There is a need for a subsonic polymer ammunition cartridge to reducecost, weight and reliability. The traditional avenue to subsonicammunition is usage of a reduced quantity of propellant compared totraditional supersonic ammunition. For example, a traditional 7.62 mmammunition uses about 45 grains of propellant and generates projectilevelocities of 2000-3000 fps, a subsonic ammunition uses less than about15 grains of propellant to generate projectile velocities of less than1100 fps. The present inventors determined that a subsonic cartridgecasing may be produced by the design and construction of an engineeredinternal propellant chamber within the overall internal volume of thecasing. The internal propellant chamber positioned within the casing maybe in the form of a propellant chamber insert that is made separatelyand inserted into the chamber. Alternatively the propellant chamberinsert may be made as a part of the middle body component and thepropellant chamber by increasing the thickness of the side wall. Thepropellant chamber insert will function to reduce the size of thepropellant chamber which will reduce the amount of propellant in thepropellant chamber and in turn reduce the velocity of the projectile. Inparticular, the propellant chamber insert reduces the internal volume ofthe propellant chamber by more than 25 or 80% compared to the equivalentsupersonic casing of the same caliber. In addition, using such apropellant chamber insert allows the internal propellant chamber ofexisting ammunition cartridge casings to be used allowing ammunitionmanufacturer to assemble the cartridge casing in a rapid fashion withoutthe need for additional manufacturing steps or complex designparameters.

The propellant chamber insert when in the form of an integral portion ofthe cartridge casing is constructed out of the same polymer compositionas the cartridge casing. When the propellant chamber insert is aseparate insert positioned within the propellant chamber, the propellantchamber insert may be of a similar or a different polymer compositionthan the cartridge casing. It will also be recognized that in any of theembodiments described herein, the outer wall and inner volume occupyingportions of the cartridge casing need not necessarily be of the samepolymeric material. For example, the outer wall could be made ofpolymers with higher temperature resistance to resist the hot chamberconditions, while the inner volume occupying portion could bemanufactured out of low cost polymers or be made with voids or ribs toreduce the amount of material used. In one embodiment, the space definedbetween the outer wall and the propellant chamber includes voids orribs. In another embodiment, the propellant chamber comprises multipleseparate internal volumes each in combustible communication with theprimer. In still yet another such embodiment, the propellant chamber hasa radial cross-section selected from the group consisting of circular,ovoid, octagonal, hexagonal, triangular, and square. In one embodiment,the radial cross-section of the propellant chamber is irregular alongits longitudinal length. In another embodiment, the radial size of thepropellant chamber tapers along its longitudinal direction. In anotherembodiment, the propellant chamber has a radial cross-section selectedfrom the group consisting of circular, ovoid, octagonal, hexagonal,triangular, and square. In one such embodiment, the radial cross-sectionof the propellant chamber is irregular along its longitudinal length. Inanother such embodiment, the radial size of the propellant chambertapers along its longitudinal direction.

One skilled in the art will also readily observe that different oridentical coloring of the polymers used could aid in identification ormarketing of the ammunition of the current invention. Another embodimentof this invention would be the usage of transparent or translucentpolymers, allowing for easy identification of the propellant level orcartridge load.

For example, a non-limiting list of suitable polymeric materials, forboth the cartridge casing and the propellant chamber insert may beselected from any number of polymeric materials, e.g., polybutyleneterephthalate (PBT), polyamides, polyimides, polyesters, polycarbonates,polysulfones, polylactones, polyacetals, acrylontrile/butadiene/styrenecopolymer resins, polyphenylene oxides, ethylene/carbon monoxidecopolymers, polyphenylene sulfides, polystyrene, styrene/acrylonitrilecopolymer resins, styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer resins, aromaticpolyketones and mixtures thereof. Preferred embodiments will bemanufactured from any polymer with a glass transition temperature ofless than 250° C. Particularly suitable materials includepolyphenylsulfones, polycarbonates and polyamides.

FIG. 1 depicts an exploded view of the polymeric cartridge casing. Acartridge 10 is shown with a polymer casing 12 showing a powder chamber14 with a forward end opening 16 for insertion of a projectile (notshown). Polymer casing 12 has a substantially cylindrical open-endedpolymeric bullet-end 18 extending from forward end opening 16 rearwardto opposite end 20. The bullet-end component 18 may be formed withcoupling end 22 formed on end 20. Coupling end 22 is shown as a femaleelement, but may also be configured as a male element in alternateembodiments of the invention. The forward end of bullet-end component 18has a shoulder 24 forming chamber neck 26. Polymer casing 12 has asubstantially cylindrical opposite end 20. Coupling end 22 is shown as afemale element, but may also be configured as a male element inalternate embodiments of the invention. The middle body component (notshown) is connected to a substantially cylindrical coupling element 30of the substantially cylindrical insert 32. Coupling element 30, asshown may be configured as a male element, however, all combinations ofmale and female configurations is acceptable for coupling elements 30and coupling end 22 in alternate embodiments of the invention. Couplingend 22 fits about and engages coupling element 30 of a substantiallycylindrical insert 32. The substantially cylindrical insert 32 includesa substantially cylindrical coupling element 30 extending from a bottomsurface 34 that is opposite a top surface 36. When contacted thecoupling end 22 interlocks with the substantially cylindrical couplingelement 30, through the coupling element 30 that extends with a taper toa smaller diameter at the tip 44 to form a physical interlock betweensubstantially cylindrical insert 32 and middle body component 28. Thesubstantially cylindrical insert 32 also has a flange 46 cut therein anda primer recess 38 and primer flash aperture formed therein for ease ofinsertion of the primer (not shown). A primer flash hole aperture 42 islocated in the primer recess 38 and extends through the bottom surface34 into the propellant chamber 14 to combust the propellant in thepropellant chamber 14. When molded the coupling end 22 extends thepolymer through the primer flash hole aperture 42 to form the primerflash hole 40 while retaining a passage from the top surface 36 throughthe bottom surface 34 and into the propellant chamber 14 to providesupport and protection about the primer flash hole aperture 42.

The polymeric and composite casing components may be injection molded.Polymeric materials for the bullet-end and middle body components musthave propellant compatibility and resistance to gun cleaning solventsand grease, as well as resistance to chemical, biological andradiological agents. The polymeric materials must have a temperatureresistance higher than the cook-off temperature of the propellant,typically about 320° F. The polymeric materials must haveelongation-to-break values that to resist deformation under interiorballistic pressure as high as 60,000 psi in all environments(temperatures from about −65 to about 320° F. and humidity from 0 to100% RH). According to one embodiment, the middle body component iseither molded onto or snap-fit to the casing head-end component afterwhich the bullet-end component is snap-fit or interference fit to themiddle body component. The components may be formed from high-strengthpolymer, composite or ceramic.

Examples of suitable high strength polymers include composite polymermaterial including a tungsten metal powder, nylon 6/6, nylon 6, andglass fibers; and a specific gravity in a range of 3-10. The tungstenmetal powder may be 50%-96% of a weight of the bullet body. The polymermaterial also includes about 0.5-15%, preferably about 1-12%, and mostpreferably about 2-9% by weight, of nylon 6/6, about 0.5-15%, preferablyabout 1-12%, and most preferably about 2-9% by weight, of nylon 6, andabout 0.5-15%, preferably about 1-12%, and most preferably about 2-9% byweight, of glass fibers. It is most suitable that each of theseingredients be included in amounts less than 10% by weight. Thecartridge casing body may be made of a modified ZYTEL® resin, availablefrom E.I. DuPont De Nemours Co., a modified 612 nylon resin, modified toincrease elastic response.

Commercially available polymers suitable for use in the presentinvention thus include polyphenylsulfones; copolymers ofpolyphenylsulfones with polyether-sulfones or polysulfones; copolymersand blends of polyphenylsulfones with polysiloxanes;poly(etherimide-siloxane); copolymers and blends of polyetherimides andpolysiloxanes, and blends of polyetherimides andpoly(etherimide-siloxane) copolymers; and the like. Particularlypreferred are polyphenylsulfones and their copolymers with poly-sulfonesor polysiloxane that have high tensile strength and elongation-to-breakto sustain the deformation under high interior ballistic pressure. Suchpolymers are commercially available, for example, RADEL® R5800polyphenylesulfone from Solvay Advanced Polymers. The polymer can beformulated with up to about 10 wt % of one or more additives selectedfrom internal mold release agents, heat stabilizers, anti-static agents,colorants, impact modifiers and UV stabilizers.

Examples of suitable polymers and individual monomers of a copolymerinclude polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyurethane prepolymer,cellulose, fluoro-polymer, ethylene inter-polymer alloy elastomer,ethylene vinyl acetate, nylon, polyether imide, polyester elastomer,polyester sulfone, polyphenyl amide, polypropylene, polyvinylidenefluoride or thermoset polyurea elastomer, acrylics, homopolymers,acetates, copolymers, acrylonitrile-butadinen-styrene, thermoplasticfluoro polymers, ionomers, polyamides, polyamide-imides, polyacrylates,polyatherketones, polyaryl-sulfones, polybenzimidazoles, polycarbonates,polybutylene, terephthalates, polyether imides, polyether sulfones,thermoplastic polyimides, thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyphenylenesulfides, polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfones, polyvinylchlorides,styrene acrylonitriles, polystyrenes, polyphenylene, ether blends,styrene maleic anhydrides, polycarbonates, allyls, aminos, cyanates,epoxies, phenolics, unsaturated polyesters, bismaleimides,polyurethanes, silicones, vinylesters, or urethane hybrids. Examples ofsuitable polymers also include aliphatic or aromatic polyamide,polyetherimide, polysulfone, polyphenylsulfone, polyphenylene oxide,liquid crystalline polymer and polyketone. Examples of suitablecomposites include polymers such as polyphenylsulfone reinforced withbetween about 30 and about 70 wt %, and preferably up to about 65 wt %of one or more reinforcing materials selected from glass fiber, ceramicfiber, carbon fiber, mineral fillers, organo nanoclay, or carbonnanotube. Preferred reinforcing materials, such as choppedsurface-treated E-glass fibers provide flow characteristics at theabove-described loadings comparable to unfilled polymers to provide adesirable combination of strength and flow characteristics that permitthe molding of head-end components. Composite components can be formedby machining or injection molding. Finally, the cartridge case mustretain sufficient joint strength at cook-off temperatures. Morespecifically, polymers suitable for molding of the projectile-endcomponent have one or more of the following properties: Yield or tensilestrength at −65° F.>10,000 psi Elongation-to-break at −65° F.>15% Yieldor tensile strength at 73° F.>8,000 psi Elongation-to-break at 73°F.>50% Yield or tensile strength at 320° F>4,000 psi Elongation-to-breakat 320° F>80%. Polymers suitable for molding of the middle-bodycomponent have one or more of the following properties: Yield or tensilestrength at −65° F.>10,000 psi Yield or tensile strength at 73° F.>8,000psi Yield or tensile strength at 320° F.>4,000 psi.

In one embodiment, the polymeric material additionally includes at leastone additive selected from plasticizers, lubricants, molding agents,fillers, thermo-oxidative stabilizers, flame-retardants, coloringagents, compatibilizers, impact modifiers, release agents, reinforcingfibers. In still another such embodiment, the polymeric materialcomprises a material selected from the group consisting ofpolyphenylsulfone, polycarbonate, and polyamide. In such an embodiment,the polymeric material may include a translucent or transparent polymer.In another such embodiment, the polymeric material may include apolymeric material possessing a glass transition temperature of lessthan 250° C.

The polymers of the present invention can also be used for conventionaltwo-piece metal-plastic hybrid cartridge case designs and conventionalshotgun shell designs. One example of such a design is an ammunitioncartridge with a one-piece substantially cylindrical polymeric cartridgecasing body with an open projectile-end and an end opposing theprojectile-end with a male or female coupling element; and a cylindricalmetal cartridge casing head-end component with an essentially closedbase end with a primer hole opposite an open end having a couplingelement that is a mate for the coupling element on the opposing end ofthe polymeric cartridge casing body joining the open end of the head-endcomponent to the opposing end of the polymeric cartridge casing body.The high polymer ductility permits the casing to resist breakage.

FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C depict a cross-sectional view of a polymericcartridge case according to one embodiment of the present invention. Thepresent invention is not limited to the described caliber and isbelieved to be applicable to other calibers as well. This includesvarious small and medium caliber munitions, including 5.56 mm, 7.62 mmand 0.50 caliber ammunition cartridges, as well as medium/small caliberammunition such as 380 caliber, 38 caliber, 9 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm,30 mm, 40 mm, 45 caliber and the like. The cartridges, therefore, are ofa caliber between about 0.05 and about 5 inches. Thus, the presentinvention is applicable to the military industry as well as the sportinggoods industry for use by hunters and target shooters.

A cartridge casing 10 suitable for use with high velocity rifles isshown manufactured with a casing 12 showing a propellant chamber 14 witha projectile (not shown) inserted into the forward end opening 16. Thecartridge casing 12 has a substantially cylindrical open-endedbullet-end component 18 extending from the forward end opening 16rearward to the opposite end 20. The forward end of bullet-end component18 has a shoulder 24 forming a chamber neck 26. The bullet-end component18 may be formed with coupling end 22 formed on substantiallycylindrical opposite end 20 or formed as a separate component. These andother suitable methods for securing individual pieces of a two-piece ormulti-piece cartridge casing are useful in the practice of the presentinvention. Coupling end 22 is shown as a female element, but may also beconfigured as a male element in alternate embodiments of the invention.The forward end of bullet-end component 18 has a shoulder 24 formingchamber neck 26. The bullet-end component typically has a wall thicknessbetween about 0.003 and about 0.200 inches and more preferably betweenabout 0.005 and more preferably between about 0.150 inches about 0.010and about 0.050 inches.

The middle body component 28 is substantially cylindrical and connectsthe forward end of bullet-end component 18 to the substantiallycylindrical opposite end 20 and forms the propellant chamber 14. Thesubstantially cylindrical opposite end 20 includes a substantiallycylindrical insert 32 that partially seals the propellant chamber 14.The substantially cylindrical insert 32 includes a bottom surface 34located in the propellant chamber 14 that is opposite a top surface 36.The substantially cylindrical insert 32 includes a primer recess 38positioned in the top surface 36 extending toward the bottom surface 34with a primer flash hole aperture 42 is located in the primer recess 38and extends through the bottom surface 34 into the propellant chamber 14to combust the propellant in the propellant chamber 14. A primer (notshown) is located in the primer recess 38 and extends through the bottomsurface 34 into the propellant chamber 14. When molded the coupling end22 extends the polymer through the primer flash hole aperture 42 to formthe primer flash hole 40 while retaining a passage from the top surface36 through the bottom surface 34 and into the propellant chamber 14 toprovide support and protection about the primer flash hole aperture 42.The bullet-end 18, middle body 28 and bottom surface 34 define theinterior of propellant chamber 14 in which the powder charge (not shown)is contained. The interior volume of propellant chamber 14 may be variedto provide the volume necessary for complete filling of the propellantchamber 14 by the propellant chosen so that a simplified volumetricmeasure of propellant can be utilized when loading the cartridge. Thepropellant chamber 14 includes a propellant chamber insert 66 thatextends from the bottom surface 34 to the shoulder 24. The thickness ofthe propellant chamber insert 66 may be defined as the distance from thepropellant chamber 14 to the interior of the middle body component 28and may be varied as necessary to achieve the desired velocity dependingon the propellant used. The propellant chamber 14 includes a propellantchamber insert 66 that extends from the bottom surface 34 to theshoulder 24 at a graduated distance from the propellant chamber 14 tothe interior of the middle body component 28. For example, FIG. 2B showsa propellant chamber insert 66 that is thicker in the bottom of thepropellant chamber 14 and thinner at the near the bullet-end 18. FIG. 2Cshows a propellant chamber insert 66 that is thicker in the bottom ofthe propellant chamber 14 extending about half of the middle bodycomponent 28 and thinner at the near the bullet-end component 18 withthe propellant chamber insert 66 tapering from towards the bullet-end18. The propellant chamber insert 66 may be made of the same material asthe casing or a different material. The propellant chamber insert 66 maybe formed by extending the casing wall or may be made by separatelyforming a insert (not shown) that is inserted into the propellantchamber 14 during assembly.

The middle body component 28 is connected to a substantially cylindricalcoupling element 30 of the substantially cylindrical insert 32. Couplingelement 30, as shown may be configured as a male element, however, allcombinations of male and female configurations is acceptable forcoupling elements 30 and coupling end 22 in alternate embodiments of theinvention. Coupling end 22 of bullet-end component 18 fits about andengages coupling element 30 of a substantially cylindrical insert 32.The substantially cylindrical insert 32 includes a substantiallycylindrical coupling element 30 extending from a bottom surface 34 thatis opposite a top surface 36. Located in the top surface 36 is a primerrecess 38 that extends toward the bottom surface 34. A primer flash hole40 extends through the bottom surface 34 into the propellant chamber 14.The coupling end 22 extends the polymer through the primer flash holeaperture 42 to form an primer flash hole 40 while retaining a passagefrom the top surface 36 through the bottom surface 34 and into thepropellant chamber 14 to provide support and protection about the primerflash hole 40. When contacted the coupling end 22 interlocks with thesubstantially cylindrical coupling element 30, through the couplingelement 30 that extends with a taper to a smaller diameter at the tip 44to form a physical interlock between substantially cylindrical insert 32and middle body component 28. Polymer casing 12 also has a substantiallycylindrical open-ended middle body component 28. The middle bodycomponent extends from a forward end opening 16 to coupling element 22.The middle body component typically has a wall thickness between about0.003 and about 0.200 inches and more preferably between about 0.005 andmore preferably between about 0.150 inches about 0.010 and about 0.050inches.

The substantially cylindrical insert 32 also has a flange 46 cut thereinand a primer recess 38 formed therein for ease of insertion of theprimer (not shown). The primer recess 38 is sized so as to receive theprimer (not shown) in a friction fit during assembly. The cartridgecasing 12 may be molded from a polymer composition with the middle bodycomponent 28 being over-molded onto the substantially cylindrical insert32. When over-molded the coupling end 22 extends the polymer through theprimer flash hole aperture 42 to form the primer flash hole 40 whileretaining a passage from the top surface 36 through the bottom surface34 and into the propellant chamber 14 to provide support and protectionabout the primer flash hole aperture 42. The primer flash hole 40communicates through the bottom surface 34 of substantially cylindricalinsert 32 into the propellant chamber 14 so that upon detonation ofprimer (not shown) the propellant (not shown) in propellant chamber 14will be ignited. The bullet-end component 18 and middle body component28 can be welded or bonded together using solvent, adhesive,spin-welding, vibration-welding, ultrasonic-welding or laser-weldingtechniques. Other possible securing methods include, but are not limitedto, mechanical interlocking methods such as over molding, press-in, ribsand threads, adhesives, molding in place, heat crimping, ultrasonicwelding, friction welding etc.

FIG. 3 depicts cross-sectional view of a portion of the polymericcartridge case according to one embodiment of the present invention. Aportion of a cartridge suitable for use with high velocity rifles isshown with a polymer casing 12 showing a propellant chamber 14. Thepolymer casing 12 has a substantially cylindrical opposite end 20. Thebullet-end component 18 may be formed with coupling end 22 formed on end20. Coupling end 22 is shown as a female element, but may also beconfigured as a male element in alternate embodiments of the invention.The middle body component (not shown) is connected to a substantiallycylindrical coupling element 30 of the substantially cylindrical insert32. Coupling element 30, as shown may be configured as a male element;however, all combinations of male and female configurations isacceptable for coupling elements 30 and coupling end 22 in alternateembodiments of the invention. Coupling end 22 fits about and engagescoupling element 30 of a substantially cylindrical insert 32. Thesubstantially cylindrical insert 32 includes a substantially cylindricalcoupling element 30 extending from a bottom surface 34 that is oppositea top surface 36. The propellant chamber 14 includes a propellantchamber insert 66 that extends from the bottom surface 34 to theshoulder 24. The thickness of the propellant chamber insert 66 may bedefined as the distance from the propellant chamber 14 to the interiorof the middle body component 28 and may be varied as necessary toachieve the desired volume to produce the desired velocity depending onthe propellant used. The propellant chamber insert 66 may be made of thesame material as the casing or a different material. The propellantchamber insert 66 may be formed by extending the casing wall or may bemade by forming a separate insert that is formed and then inserted intothe propellant chamber 14 during assembly. Located in the top surface 36is a primer recess 38 that extends toward the bottom surface 34. Aprimer flash hole 40 is located in the primer recess 38 and extendsthrough the bottom surface 34 into the propellant chamber 14. Thecoupling end 22 extends the polymer through the flash hole aperture 42to form a primer flash hole 40 while retaining a passage from the topsurface 36 through the bottom surface 34 and into the propellant chamber14 to provide support and protection about the primer flash hole 40.When contacted the coupling end 22 interlocks with the substantiallycylindrical coupling element 30, through the coupling element 30 thatextends with a taper to a smaller diameter at the tip 44 to form aphysical interlock between substantially cylindrical insert 32 andmiddle body component 28. Polymer casing 12 also has a substantiallycylindrical open-ended middle body component 28.

FIGS. 4A-4H depict a top view of the polymer casing 12 with asubstantially cylindrical open-ended middle body component 28. Thepolymer casing 12 includes a propellant chamber insert 66 positioned inthe powder (propellant) chamber 14. The propellant chamber insert 66 maybe molded as part of the outer wall of the polymer casing 12 or may beformed (e.g., molded, milled, etc.) as a separate insert that is formedand positioned separately in the powder (propellant) chamber 14. Visibleis the primer flash hole 40 which extends through the bottom surface 34to connect the primer (not shown) to the propellant chamber 14. Thepropellant chamber insert 66 may be of any shape or profile to occupythe necessary volume in the powder (propellant) chamber 14. In additionhaving any profile, the present invention may have a varied profilethroughout the casing which allows the shoulder region to have a greatervolume than the base region or to have a multistage propellant load. Inaddition, the propellant chamber insert 66 may have separate profiles inseparate regions to achieve a specific burn and specific ignition.

FIG. 5 depicts a side, cross-sectional view of a portion of thepolymeric cartridge case displaying ribs according to one embodiment ofthe present invention. The polymer casing 12 has a substantiallycylindrical opposite end 20. The bullet-end component 18 may be formedwith coupling end 22 formed on substantially cylindrical opposite end20. Coupling end 22 is shown as a female element, but may also beconfigured as a male element in alternate embodiments of the invention.The middle body component (not shown) is connected to a substantiallycylindrical coupling element 30 of the substantially cylindrical insert32. The substantially cylindrical insert 32 may be integrated into thepolymer casing 12 by over-molded of the polymer, this process is knownto the skilled artisan. The substantially cylindrical insert 32 may alsobe pressed into an insert aperture in the polymer casing 12. Thesubstantially cylindrical insert 32 may be affixed to the insertaperture using solvent, adhesive, spin-welding, vibration-welding,ultrasonic-welding or laser-welding techniques. Coupling element 30, asshown may be configured as a male element, however, all combinations ofmale and female configurations is acceptable for coupling elements 30and coupling end 22 in alternate embodiments of the invention. Couplingend 22 fits about and engages coupling element 30 of a substantiallycylindrical insert 32. The substantially cylindrical insert 32 includesa substantially cylindrical coupling element 30, extending from a bottomsurface 34 that is opposite a top surface 36. Located in the top surface36 is a primer recess 38 that extends toward the bottom surface 34. Aflash hole aperture 42 extends through the bottom surface 34 into thepropellant chamber 14. The coupling end 22 extends the polymer throughthe flash hole aperture 42 to form a primer flash hole 40 whileretaining a passage from the top surface 36 through the bottom surface34 and into the propellant chamber 14 to provide support and protectionabout the primer flash hole 40. The propellant chamber 14 includes apropellant chamber insert 66 that extends from the bottom surface 34 tothe shoulder 24. The thickness of the propellant chamber insert 66 maybe defined as the distance from the propellant chamber 14 to theinterior of the middle body component 28 and may be varied as necessaryto achieve the desired volume in the propellant chamber 66 to achievethe desired velocity depending on the propellant used. The propellantchamber insert 66 may be made of the same material as the casing or adifferent material. The propellant chamber insert 66 may be formed byextending the casing wall or may be made by forming a separate insertthat is formed and then inserted into the propellant chamber 14 duringassembly. When contacted the coupling end 22 interlocks with thesubstantially cylindrical coupling element 30, through the couplingelement 30 that extends with a taper to a smaller diameter at the tip 44to form a physical interlock between substantially cylindrical insert 32and middle body component 28. Polymer casing 12 also has a substantiallycylindrical open-ended middle body component 28. The substantiallycylindrical opposite end 20 or anywhere within the propellant chamber 14may include one or more ribs 48 on the surface. The number of ribs 48will depend on the specific application and desire of the manufacturebut may include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more ribs. In thecounter bore, the polymer was having difficulty filling this area due tothe fact that the polymer used has fillers in it, and needed to bereblended during molding. One embodiment includes six ribs 48 to createturbulence in the flow of the polymer, thus allowing the material tofill the counter bore.

FIG. 6 depicts a side, cross-sectional view of a portion of thepolymeric cartridge case displaying ribs according to one embodiment ofthe present invention. One embodiment that reduces bellowing of theinsert includes a shortened insert and angled coupling element 30 insideof the insert. In addition, the raised portion of the polymer at theprimer flash hole 40 was removed, the internal polymer wall was loweredand angled to match the insert and the internal ribs were lengthened.The polymer casing 12 has a substantially cylindrical opposite end 20.The bullet-end component 18 may be formed with coupling end 22 formed onend 20. Coupling end 22 is shown as a female element, but may also beconfigured as a male element in alternate embodiments of the invention.The middle body component (not shown) is connected to a substantiallycylindrical coupling element 30 of the substantially cylindrical insert32. Coupling element 30, as shown may be configured as a male element,however, all combinations of male and female configurations isacceptable for coupling elements 30 and coupling end 22 in alternateembodiments of the invention. Coupling end 22 fits about and engagescoupling element 30 of a substantially cylindrical insert 32. Thesubstantially cylindrical insert 32 includes a substantially cylindricalcoupling element 30 extending from a bottom surface 34 that is oppositea top surface 36. Located in the top surface 36 is a primer recess 38that extends toward the bottom surface 34. A flash hole aperture 42extends through the bottom surface 34 into the propellant chamber 14.The coupling end 22 extends the polymer through the primer flash hole 40to form an aperture coating 42 while retaining a passage from the topsurface 36 through the bottom surface 34 and into the propellant chamber14 to provide support and protection about the primer flash hole 40. Thepropellant chamber 14 includes a propellant chamber insert 66 thatextends from the bottom surface 34 to the shoulder 24. The thickness ofthe propellant chamber insert 66 may be defined as the distance from thepropellant chamber 14 to the interior of the middle body component 28and may be varied as necessary to achieve the desired velocity dependingon the propellant used. The propellant chamber insert 66 may be made ofthe same material as the casing or a different material. The propellantchamber insert 66 may be formed by extending the casing wall or may bemade by forming a separate insert that is formed and then inserted intothe propellant chamber 14 during assembly. When contacted the couplingend 22 interlocks with the substantially cylindrical coupling element30, through the coupling element 30 that extends with a taper to asmaller diameter at the tip 44 to form a physical interlock betweensubstantially cylindrical insert 32 and middle body component 28.Polymer casing 12 also has a substantially cylindrical open-ended middlebody component 28. The substantially cylindrical opposite end 20 oranywhere within the propellant chamber 14 may include one or more ribs48 on the surface. The number of ribs 48 will depend on the specificapplication and desire of the manufacture but may include 1, 2, 3, 4, 56, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more ribs. In the counter bore, the polymer washaving difficulty filling this area due to the fact that the polymerused has fillers in it, and needed to be reblended during molding. Oneembodiment includes six ribs 48 to create turbulence in the flow of thepolymer, thus allowing the material to fill the counter bore. Anotherembodiment of the instant invention is a shortened insert and angledcoupling element 30 inside of the insert. In addition, raised portionsof the polymer at the flash hole 40, lowered and angled the internalpolymer wall to match the insert and lengthened the internal ribs.

FIG. 7 depicts a side, cross-sectional view of a polymeric cartridgecase having a diffuser according to one embodiment of the presentinvention. The diffuser 50 is a device that is used to divert theeffects of the primer off of the polymer and directing it to the flashhole 40. The affects being the impact from igniting the primer as far aspressure and heat. A cartridge 10 suitable for use with high velocityrifles is shown manufactured with a polymer casing 12 showing apropellant chamber 14 with projectile (not shown) inserted into theforward end opening 16. Polymer casing 12 has a substantiallycylindrical open-ended polymeric bullet-end component 18 extending fromforward end opening 16 rearward to the opposite end 20. The bullet-endcomponent 18 may be formed with coupling end 22 formed on end 20.Coupling end 22 is shown as a female element, but may also be configuredas a male element in alternate embodiments of the invention. The forwardend of bullet-end component 18 has a shoulder 24 forming chamber neck26.

The middle body component 28 is connected to a substantially cylindricalcoupling element 30 of the substantially cylindrical insert 32. Couplingelement 30, as shown may be configured as a male element, however, allcombinations of male and female configurations is acceptable forcoupling elements 30 and coupling end 22 in alternate embodiments of theinvention. Coupling end 22 of bullet-end component 18 fits about andengages coupling element 30 of a substantially cylindrical insert 32.The substantially cylindrical insert 32 includes a substantiallycylindrical coupling element 30 extending from a bottom surface 34 thatis opposite a top surface 36. Located in the top surface 36 is a primerrecess 38 that extends toward the bottom surface 34. A flash holeaperture 42 extends through the bottom surface 34 into the propellantchamber 14. The coupling end 22 extends the polymer through the primerflash hole 40 to form an aperture coating 42 while retaining a passagefrom the top surface 36 through the bottom surface 34 and into thepropellant chamber 14 to provides support and protection about theprimer flash hole 40. The propellant chamber 14 includes a propellantchamber insert 66 that extends from the bottom surface 34 to theshoulder 24. The thickness of the propellant chamber insert 66 may bedefined as the distance from the propellant chamber 14 to the interiorof the middle body component 28 and may be varied as necessary toachieve the desired velocity depending on the propellant used. Thepropellant chamber insert 66 may be made of the same material as thecasing or a different material. The propellant chamber insert 66 may beformed by extending the casing wall or may be made by forming a separateinsert that is formed and then inserted into the propellant chamber 14during assembly. When contacted the coupling end 22 interlocks with thesubstantially cylindrical coupling element 30, through the couplingelement 30 that extends with a taper to a smaller diameter at the tip 44to form a physical interlock between substantially cylindrical insert 32and middle body component 28. Polymer casing 12 also has a substantiallycylindrical open-ended middle body component 28. The middle bodycomponent extends from a forward end opening 16 to coupling element 22.Located in the top surface 36 is a primer recess 38 that extends towardthe bottom surface 34 with a diffuser 50 positioned in the primer recess38. The diffuser 50 includes a diffuser aperture 52 that aligns with theprimer flash hole 40. The diffuser 50 is a device that is used to divertthe affects of the primer (not shown) off of the polymer. The affectsbeing the impact from igniting the primer as far as pressure and heat todivert the energy of the primer off of the polymer and directing it tothe flash hole.

FIG. 8 depicts a side, cross-sectional view of a portion of thepolymeric cartridge case having a diffuser 50 according to oneembodiment of the present invention. A portion of a cartridge suitablefor use with high velocity rifles is shown manufactured with a polymercasing 12 showing a propellant chamber 14. Polymer casing 12 has asubstantially cylindrical opposite end 20. The bullet-end component 18may be formed with coupling end 22 formed on end 20. Coupling end 22 isshown as a female element, but may also be configured as a male elementin alternate embodiments of the invention. The middle body component(not shown) is connected to a substantially cylindrical coupling element30 of the substantially cylindrical insert 32. Coupling element 30, asshown may be configured as a male element, however, all combinations ofmale and female configurations is acceptable for coupling elements 30and coupling end 22 in alternate embodiments of the invention. Couplingend 22 fits about and engages coupling element 30 of a substantiallycylindrical insert 32. The substantially cylindrical insert 32 includesa substantially cylindrical coupling element 30 extending from a bottomsurface 34 that is opposite a top surface 36. Located in the top surface36 is a primer recess 38 that extends toward the bottom surface 34. Aflash hole aperture 42 extends through the bottom surface 34 into thepropellant chamber 14. The propellant chamber 14 includes a propellantchamber insert 66 that extends from the bottom surface 34 to theshoulder 24. The thickness of the propellant chamber insert 66 may bedefined as the distance from the propellant chamber 14 to the interiorof the middle body component 28 and may be varied as necessary toachieve the desired velocity depending on the propellant used. Thepropellant chamber insert 66 may be made of the same material as thecasing or a different material. The propellant chamber insert 66 may beformed by extending the casing wall or may be made by forming a separateinsert that is formed and then inserted into the propellant chamber 14during assembly. The coupling end 22 extends the polymer through theprimer flash hole aperture 42 to form a primer flash hole 40 whileretaining a passage from the top surface 36 through the bottom surface34 and into the propellant chamber 14 to provides support and protectionabout the primer flash hole 40. When contacted the coupling end 22interlocks with the substantially cylindrical coupling element 30,through the coupling element 30 that extends with a taper to a smallerdiameter at the tip 44 to form a physical interlock betweensubstantially cylindrical insert 32 and middle body component 28.Polymer casing 12 also has a substantially cylindrical open-ended middlebody component 28. Located in the top surface 36 is a primer recess 38that extends toward the bottom surface 34 with a diffuser 50 positionedin the primer recess 38. The diffuser 50 includes a diffuser aperture 52and a diffuser aperture extension 54 that aligns with the primer flashhole 40. The diffuser 50 is a device that is used to divert the affectsof the primer (not shown) off of the polymer. The affects being theimpact from igniting the primer as far as pressure and heat to divertthe energy of the primer off of the polymer and directing it to theflash hole 40. The diffuser 50 can be between 0.004 to 0.010 inches inthickness and made from half hard brass. For example, the diffuser 50can be between 0.005 inches thick for a 5.56 diffuser 50. The outerdiameter (OD) of the diffuser for a 5.56 or 223 case is 0.173 and theinner diameter (ID) is 0.080. The diffuser could be made of any materialthat can withstand the energy from the ignition of the primer. Thiswould include steel, stainless, cooper, aluminum or even an engineeredresin that was injection molded or stamped. The diffuser can be producein T shape by drawing the material with a stamping and draw die. In theT shape diffuser the center ring can be 0.005 to 0.010 tall and the ODis 0.090 and the ID 0.080.

FIGS. 9A-9H depict different embodiment of the diffuser of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 10A and 10B depict a cross-sectional view of a polymeric cartridgecase having a reduced propellant chamber volume according to oneembodiment of the present invention. A cartridge casing 10 shows acasing 12 showing a propellant chamber 14 with a projectile (not shown)inserted into the forward end opening 16. The cartridge casing 12 has asubstantially cylindrical open-ended bullet-end component 18 extendingfrom the forward end opening 16 rearward to the opposite end 20. Theforward end of bullet-end component 18 has a shoulder 24 forming achamber neck 26. The bullet-end component 18 may be formed with couplingend 22 formed on substantially cylindrical opposite end 20 or formed asa separate component. The bullet-end, middle body component 28, bullet(not shown) and other casing components can then be welded or bondedtogether using solvent, adhesive, spin-welding, vibration-welding,ultrasonic-welding or laser-welding techniques. The welding or bondingincreases the joint strength so the casing can be extracted from the hotgun after firing at the cook-off temperature. Other possible securingmethods include, but are not limited to, mechanical interlocking methodssuch as ribs and threads, adhesives, molding in place, heat crimping,ultrasonic welding, friction welding etc. These and other suitablemethods for securing individual pieces of a two-piece or multi-piececartridge casing are useful in the practice of the present invention.Coupling end 22 is shown as a female element, but may also be configuredas a male element in alternate embodiments of the invention. The forwardend of bullet-end component 18 has a shoulder 24 forming chamber neck26. The bullet-end component typically has a wall thickness betweenabout 0.003 and about 0.200 inches and more preferably between about0.005 and about 0.150 inches and more preferably between about 0.010 andabout 0.050 inches. The middle body component 28 is substantiallycylindrical and connects the forward end of bullet-end component 18 tothe substantially cylindrical opposite end 20 and forms the propellantchamber 14. The substantially cylindrical opposite end 20 includes asubstantially cylindrical insert 32 that partially seals the propellantchamber 14. The substantially cylindrical insert 32 includes a bottomsurface 34 located in the propellant chamber 14 that is opposite a topsurface 36. The substantially cylindrical insert 32 includes a primerrecess 38 positioned in the top surface 36 extending toward the bottomsurface 34 with a primer flash hole aperture 42 is located in the primerrecess 38 and extends through the bottom surface 34 into the propellantchamber 14 to combust the propellant in the propellant chamber 14. Aprimer (not shown) is located in the primer recess 38 and extendsthrough the bottom surface 34 into the propellant chamber 14. Whenmolded the coupling end 22 extends the polymer through the primer flashhole aperture 42 to form the primer flash hole 40 while retaining apassage from the top surface 36 through the bottom surface 34 and intothe propellant chamber 14 to provide support and protection about theprimer flash hole aperture 42. The bullet-end 18, middle body 28 andbottom surface 34 define the interior of propellant chamber 14 in whichthe powder charge (not shown) is contained. The interior volume ofpropellant chamber 14 may be varied to provide the volume necessary forcomplete filling of the propellant chamber 14 by the propellant chosenso that a simplified volumetric measure of propellant can be utilizedwhen loading the cartridge. The propellant chamber 14 includes apropellant chamber insert 66 that extends from the bottom surface 34 tothe shoulder 24. The thickness of the propellant chamber insert 66 maybe defined as the distance from the propellant chamber 14 to theinterior of the middle body component 28 and may be varied as necessaryto achieve the desired velocity depending on the propellant used. Thepropellant chamber 14 includes a propellant chamber insert 66 thatextends from the bottom surface 34 to the shoulder 24 at a graduateddistance from the propellant chamber 14 to the interior of the middlebody component 28. For example, FIG. 10A shows a propellant chamberinsert 66 extends from the bottom of the polymeric cartridge case 12toward the shoulder 24. This includes an extended primer flash hole 40that connects the primer recess 38 and the propellant chamber 14. Thepropellant chamber insert 66 may include a burn tube extension 70 thatsits above the propellant chamber bottom 72 of the propellant chamber14. FIG. 10B shows a polymeric cartridge case having a 2 piece insert.The propellant chamber 14 has a first propellant chamber insert 66 athat extends from the polymeric cartridge case 12 toward the shoulder 24ending at any point between the primer recess 38 and the shoulder 24.The first propellant chamber insert 66 a extends about half way thepolymeric cartridge case 12 to form the propellant chamber bottom 72 ofthe propellant chamber 14. A second propellant chamber insert 66 bextends from the propellant chamber bottom 72 toward the shoulder 24.The first propellant chamber insert 66 a and the second propellantchamber insert 66 b may be of similar or different materials and havesimilar or different thicknesses to form propellant chamber 14 ofdifferent volumes. The propellant chamber insert 66 may be formed byextending the casing wall or may be made by forming a separate insert(not shown) that is formed and then inserted into the propellant chamber14 during assembly.

The substantially cylindrical insert 32 also has a flange 46 cut thereinand a primer recess 38 formed therein for ease of insertion of theprimer (not shown). The primer recess 38 is sized so as to receive theprimer (not shown) in an interference fit during assembly. The cartridgecasing 12 may be molded from a polymer composition with the middle bodycomponent 28 being over-molded onto the substantially cylindrical insert32. When over-molded the coupling end 22 extends the polymer through theprimer flash hole aperture 42 to form the primer flash hole 40 whileretaining a passage from the top surface 36 through the bottom surface34 and into the propellant chamber 14 to provide support and protectionabout the primer flash hole aperture 42. The primer flash hole 40communicates through the bottom surface 34 of substantially cylindricalinsert 32 into the propellant chamber 14 so that upon detonation ofprimer (not shown) the propellant (not shown) in propellant chamber 14will be ignited. The bullet-end component 18 and middle body component28 can be welded or bonded together using solvent, adhesive,spin-welding, vibration-welding, ultrasonic-welding or laser-weldingtechniques.

The middle body component 28 is connected to a substantially cylindricalcoupling element 30 of the substantially cylindrical insert 32. Couplingelement 30, as shown may be configured as a male element, however, allcombinations of male and female configurations is acceptable forcoupling elements 30 and coupling end 22 in alternate embodiments of theinvention. Coupling end 22 of bullet-end component 18 fits about andengages coupling element 30 of a substantially cylindrical insert 32.The substantially cylindrical insert 32 includes a substantiallycylindrical coupling element 30 extending from a bottom surface 34 thatis opposite a top surface 36. Located in the top surface 36 is a primerrecess 38 that extends toward the bottom surface 34. A primer flash hole40 extends through the bottom surface 34 into the propellant chamber 14.The coupling end 22 extends the polymer through the flash hole aperture42 to form a primer flash hole 40 while retaining a passage from the topsurface 36 through the bottom surface 34 and into the propellant chamber14. When contacted the coupling end 22 interlocks with the substantiallycylindrical coupling element 30, through the coupling element 30 thatextends with a taper to a smaller diameter at the tip 44 to form aphysical interlock between substantially cylindrical insert 32 andmiddle body component 28. Polymer casing 12 also has a substantiallycylindrical open-ended middle body component 28. The middle bodycomponent extends from a forward end opening 16 to coupling element 22.The middle body component typically has a wall thickness between about0.003 and about 0.200 inches and more preferably between about 0.005 andmore preferably between about 0.150 inches about 0.010 and about 0.050inches, including the incremental variations thereof.

It is understood that the propellant chamber insert 66 can be of anygeometry and profile to reduce the propellant chamber volume. Thepropellant chamber insert 66 may be uniformed in the geometry andprofile or may vary in geometry, profile or both to achieve the desiredburn and propellant chamber volume. In addition, the propellant chamberinsert can be formed simultaneously with the case by over-molding ormachining or can be prepared separate from the case and assembledsequentially. The propellant chamber insert 66 can be bonded, welded orotherwise affixed to the case.

One embodiment includes a 2 cavity mold having an upper portion and abase portion for a 5.56 case having a metal insert over-molded with aNylon 6 (polymer) based material. In this embodiment, the polymer in thebase forms a lip or flange to extract the case from the weapon. One2-cavity mold to produce the upper portion of the 5.56 case can be madeusing a stripper plate tool using an Osco hot spur and two subgates percavity. Another embodiment includes a subsonic version, the differencefrom the standard and the subsonic version is the walls are thicker thusrequiring less powder to decrease the velocity of the bullet creating asubsonic round.

The extracting inserts is used to give the polymer case a tough enoughridge and groove for the weapons extractor to grab and pull the case outthe chamber of the gun. The extracting insert is made of 17-4 SS that ishardened to 42-45 rc. The insert may be made of aluminum, brass, cooper,steel or even an engineered resin with enough tensile strength.

The insert is over molded in an injection molded process using a nanoclay particle filled Nylon material. The inserts can be machined orstamped. In addition, an engineered resin able to withstand the demandon the insert allows injection molded and/or even transfer molded.

One of ordinary skill in the art will know that many propellant typesand weights can be used to prepare workable ammunition and that suchloads may be determined by a careful trial including initial lowquantity loading of a given propellant and the well known stepwiseincreasing of a given propellant loading until a maximum acceptable loadis achieved. Extreme care and caution is advised in evaluating newloads. The propellants available have various burn rates and must becarefully chosen so that a safe load is devised.

It will be understood that particular embodiments described herein areshown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the invention.The principal features of this invention can be employed in variousembodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Thoseskilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no morethan routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specificprocedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered to bewithin the scope of this invention and are covered by the claims.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specificationare indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art towhich this invention pertains. All publications and patent applicationsare herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term“comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” butit is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,”and “one or more than one.” The use of the term “or” in the claims isused to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer toalternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, althoughthe disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternativesand “and/or.” Throughout this application, the term “about” is used toindicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for thedevice, the method being employed to determine the value, or thevariation that exists among the study subjects.

As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (andany form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having”(and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and anyform of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing”(and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) areinclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecitedelements or method steps.

The term “or combinations thereof” as used herein refers to allpermutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term.For example, “A, B, C, or combinations thereof” is intended to includeat least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is importantin a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB.Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations thatcontain repeats of one or more item or term, such as BB, AAA, AB, BBC,AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan willunderstand that typically there is no limit on the number of items orterms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein canbe made and executed without undue experimentation in light of thepresent disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this inventionhave been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will beapparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied tothe compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence ofsteps of the method described herein without departing from the concept,spirit and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes andmodifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to bewithin the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A subsonic ammunition comprising: a primer insertcomprises a top surface opposite a bottom surface, a substantiallycylindrical coupling element extending away from the bottom surfaceforming, a primer recess in the top surface that extends toward thebottom surface, a primer flash aperture positioned in the primer recessto extend through the bottom surface, a flash aperture groove in theprimer recess that extends circumferentially about the primer flashaperture, and a flange that extends circumferentially about an outeredge of the top surface; a polymeric casing body comprising a generallycylindrical hollow polymer body molded over the substantiallycylindrical coupling element, into the primer flash aperture and intothe flash aperture groove and extending toward a mid-body couplingjoint; a nose comprising a projectile aperture that extends to a neckconnected to a shoulder that transitions from the projectile aperture toa nose coupler, wherein the nose coupler is connected to the mid-bodycoupling joint; a propellant chamber formed between the projectileaperture and the primer flash aperture; a propellant insert positionedin the propellant chamber to reduce the internal volume of thepropellant chamber by at least 10%, wherein the propellant insertcomprises a first passage comprising a first aperture having a firstdiameter about the diameter of the flash hole that transitions as an arcto a second passage that has a second diameter about the size of theprojectile aperture, wherein the first diameter has a uniformed diameterthat extends to the second diameter; a primer fitted in the primerpocket; a propellant disposed in the propellant chamber; and aprojectile positioned in the projectile aperture.
 2. The subsonicammunition of claim 1, wherein the internal volume that is about 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 25.1, 25.2,25.3, 25.4, 25.5, 25.6, 25.7, 25.8, 25.9, 26.0, 26.25, 26.5, 26.75, 27,27.5, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,80% or incremental variations thereof less than the open internal volumeof a standard casing of equivalent caliber.
 3. The subsonic ammunitionof claim 1, wherein the internal volume does not contain enough of apropellant for a projectile to exceed the velocity of 1200 feet persecond at sea level under standard atmospheric conditions when fired. 4.The subsonic ammunition of claim 1, wherein the internal volume does notcontain enough of a propellant for a projectile to exceed the velocityof 1086 feet per second at standard atmospheric conditions when fired.5. The subsonic ammunition of claim 1, wherein the polymer bodycomprises a material selected from the group consisting of polybutyleneterephthalate (PBT), polyphenylsulfone, polycarbonate, and polyamide. 6.The subsonic ammunition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric casing bodycomprises a polymers selected from the group consisting of polybutyleneterephthalate (PBT), polyurethane prepolymer, cellulose, fluoro-polymer,ethylene inter-polymer alloy elastomer, ethylene vinyl acetate, nylon,polyether imide, polyester elastomer, polyester sulfone, polyphenylamide, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or thermoset polyureaelastomer, acrylics, homopolymers, acetates, copolymers,acrylonitrile-butadinen-styrene, thermoplastic fluoro polymers,ionomers, polyamides, polyamide-imides, polyacrylates, polyatherketones,polyaryl-sulfones, polybenzimidazoles, polycarbonates, polybutylene,terephthalates, polyether imides, polyether sulfones, thermoplasticpolyimides, thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyphenylene sulfides,polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfones, polyvinylchlorides, styreneacrylonitriles, polystyrenes, polyphenylene, ether blends, styrenemaleic anhydrides, polycarbonates, allyls, aminos, cyanates, epoxies,phenolics, unsaturated polyesters, bismaleimides, polyurethanes,silicones, vinylesters, urethane hybrids, polyphenylsulfones, copolymersof polyphenylsulfones with polyethersulfones or polysulfones, copolymersof poly-phenylsulfones with siloxanes, blends of polyphenylsulfones withpolysiloxanes, poly(etherimide-siloxane) copolymers, blends ofpolyetherimides and polysiloxanes, and blends of polyetherimides andpoly(etherimide-siloxane) copolymers.
 7. The subsonic ammunition ofclaim 1, wherein the propellant insert comprises a polymers selectedfrom the group consisting of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT),polyurethane prepolymer, cellulose, fluoro-polymer, ethyleneinter-polymer alloy elastomer, ethylene vinyl acetate, nylon, polyetherimide, polyester elastomer, polyester sulfone, polyphenyl amide,polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or thermoset polyurea elastomer,acrylics, homopolymers, acetates, copolymers,acrylonitrile-butadinen-styrene, thermoplastic fluoro polymers,ionomers, polyamides, polyamide-imides, polyacrylates, polyatherketones,polyaryl-sulfones, polybenzimidazoles, polycarbonates, polybutylene,terephthalates, polyether imides, polyether sulfones, thermoplasticpolyimides, thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyphenylene sulfides,polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfones, polyvinylchlorides, styreneacrylonitriles, polystyrenes, polyphenylene, ether blends, styrenemaleic anhydrides, polycarbonates, allyls, aminos, cyanates, epoxies,phenolics, unsaturated polyesters, bismaleimides, polyurethanes,silicones, vinylesters, urethane hybrids, polyphenylsulfones, copolymersof polyphenylsulfones with polyethersulfones or polysulfones, copolymersof poly-phenylsulfones with siloxanes, blends of polyphenylsulfones withpolysiloxanes, poly(etherimide-siloxane) copolymers, blends ofpolyetherimides and polysiloxanes, and blends of polyetherimides andpoly(etherimide-siloxane) copolymers.
 8. The subsonic ammunition ofclaim 1, further comprising at least one additive selected from thegroup consisting of plasticizers, lubricants, molding agents, fillers,thermo-oxidative stabilizers, flame-retardants, coloring agents,compatibilizers, impact modifiers, release agents, reinforcing fibersand reinforcing agents.
 9. The subsonic ammunition of claim 1, whereinthe propellant insert has a substantially cylindrical shape.
 10. Thesubsonic ammunition of claim 1, wherein the propellant insert has a freeformed shape.
 11. The subsonic ammunition of claim 1, wherein thepropellant insert has a one or more ribs extending into the propellantchamber.
 12. The subsonic ammunition of claim 1, wherein the propellantinsert has a radial cross-section selected from the group consisting ofcircular, ovoid, octagonal, hexagonal, triangular, star, ribbed, squareand a combination thereof.
 13. The subsonic ammunition of claim 1,wherein the radial cross-section of the propellant chamber is irregularalong its longitudinal length.
 14. The subsonic ammunition of claim 1,wherein the radial size of the propellant chamber tapers along itslongitudinal direction.
 15. The subsonic ammunition of claim 1, whereinthe polymeric casing body and propellant insert are formed of differentpolymeric materials.
 16. The subsonic ammunition of claim 1, wherein thepolymeric casing body and propellant insert are formed of the samepolymeric materials.
 17. The subsonic ammunition of claim 1, wherein thepropellant chamber is formed of a separate propellant insert disposedwithin the internal cavity of the generally cylindrical hollow polymerbody.
 18. The subsonic ammunition of claim 1, further comprising adiffuser disposed between the primer and the propellant chamber.
 19. Thesubsonic ammunition of claim 1, wherein the projectile is a 22, .22-250,.223, .243, .25-06, .270, .300, .30-30, .30-40, 30.06, .300, .303, .308,.338, 5.45 mm, 5.56 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.8 mm, 7 mm, 7.62 mm, 12.7 mm, 14.5 mm,or 14.7 mm projectile.